[33] Title IV of these amendments established the a cap and trade system designed to control emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. [21] The result of this research indicates the chemical reaction between acid rain and aluminum leads to an increasing rate of soil weathering. The US National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program : 1990 integrated assessment report. "Acid rain" is a popular term referring to the deposition of a mixture from wet (rain, snow, sleet, fog, cloudwater, and dew) and dry (acidifying particles and gases) acidic components. [58][59], Impacts of acidic water and Soil acidification on plants could be minor or in most cases major. When calcium is leached from the needles of red spruce, these trees become less cold tolerant and exhibit winter injury and even death.[67][68]. [23] This Act established an 18-year assessment and research program under the direction of the National Acidic Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP). In 1980, a group of scientists modified the acidity of Norris Brook, New Hampshire, and observed the change in species' behaviors. Combustion of fuels produces sulfur dioxide and nitric oxides. "Acid rain", pp. Electrical power generation using coal is among the greatest contributors to gaseous pollution responsible for acidic rain. 20 (October) p. 4382–8, DeHayes, D.H., Schaberg, P.G. Since the Industrial Revolution, emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere have increased. [36] Forbes says: "In 2010, by which time the cap and trade system had been augmented by the George W. Bush administration's Clean Air Interstate Rule, SO2 emissions had fallen to 5.1 million tons. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Acid rain can damage buildings, historic monuments, and statues, especially those made of rocks, such as limestone and marble, that contain large amounts of calcium carbonate. But if the plant leaves have yellowing between the veins on their leaves, that means the plant is suffering from acidification and is unhealthy. The effects of this are commonly seen on old gravestones, where acid rain can cause the inscriptions to become completely illegible. In 1991, the US National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP) provided its first assessment of acid rain in the United States. Since rain naturally has things dissolved in it, it will always be slightly acidic. Study the causes, effects, along with a few examples and understand the prevention measures. On March 10, 2005, the EPA issued the Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR). The Canada-US Air Quality Agreement was signed in 1991. [61] Likewise, acid rain that falls on soil and on plant leaves causes drying of the waxy leaf cuticle, which ultimately causes rapid water loss from the plant to the outside atmosphere and eventually results in death of the plant. [36][37] Conventional regulation was used in the European Union, which saw a decrease of over 70% in SO2 emissions during the same time period. The corrosive effect of polluted, acidic city air on limestone and marble was noted in the 17th century by John Evelyn, who remarked upon the poor condition of the Arundel marbles. It enlarged a network of monitoring sites to determine how acidic the precipitation actually was, and to determine long-term trends, and established a network for dry deposition. [28] Nierenberg selected scientists including Gene Likens to serve on a panel to draft a report on acid rain. [54] However, the extent to which acid rain contributes directly or indirectly via runoff from the catchment to lake and river acidity (i.e., depending on characteristics of the surrounding watershed) is variable. Phase II began in 2000, and affects most of the power plants in the country. Liquids with a pH less than 7 are acidic, and those with a pH greater than 7 are alkaline. Nitric acid in rainwater is an important source of fixed nitrogen for plant life, and is also produced by electrical activity in the atmosphere such as lightning. [29] White House Office of Science and Technology Policy reviewed the draft report and sent Fred Singer’s suggestions of the report, which cast doubt on the cause of acid rain. [6] Industrial acid rain is a substantial problem in China and Russia[14][15] and areas downwind from them. Effects of Acid Rain on Materials. The particulates responsible for acid rain (sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides) do have an adverse effect. [17][18] Often deposition occurs a considerable distance downwind of the emissions, with mountainous regions tending to receive the greatest deposition (because of their higher rainfall). Waldemar Christofer Brøgger was the first to acknowledge long-distance transportation of pollutants crossing borders from the United Kingdom to Norway. There was a debate about whether Nierenberg delayed to release the report. Meanwhile, in 1990, the US Congress passed a series of amendments to the Clean Air Act. What is Acid Rain? [49] Thus, for example, fumaroles from the Laguna Caliente crater of Poás Volcano create extremely high amounts of acid rain and fog, with acidity as high as a pH of 2, clearing an area of any vegetation and frequently causing irritation to the eyes and lungs of inhabitants in nearby settlements. - April 14, 1986", "Ronald Reagan: Nomination of William A. Nierenberg To Be a Member of the National Science Board", "Report of the Acid Rain Peer Review Panel", "From tobacco to climate change, 'merchants of doubt' undermined the science", "LEGISLATORS SAT WHITE HOUSE SUPPRESSED ACID RAIN REPORT", "Clean Air Act Title IV - Subchapter A: Acid Deposition Control | Overview of the Clean Air Act and Air Pollution | US EPA", “Cleaning the Air We Breathe: A Half Century of Progress.”, 'Cap-and-trade' model eyed for cutting greenhouse gases, Carbon Trading: how it works and why it fails, United States Environmental Protection Agency, "Cap and Trade Curbed Acid Rain: 7 Reasons Why It Can Do The Same For Climate Change", "Citizen Science and Policy: A European Perspective", "IISD Experimental Lakes Area: The world's living freshwater laboratory", "Bold Experiment in Lakes Tracks the Relentless Toll of Acid Rain", "A Canadian Scientist Explains How Acid Rain is Still Making its Mark", "Reducing food's environmental impacts through producers and consumers", "Selenium mobilization in soils due to volcanic derived acid rain: An example from Mt Etna volcano, Sicily", "Acid Rain: Causes, Effects and Solutions", Clean Air Act Reduces Acid Rain In Eastern United States, "UK National Air Quality Archive: Air Pollution Glossary", Effects of Acid Rain – Surface Waters and Aquatic Animals, "The biogeochemistry of sulfur at Hubbard Brook", "Long-Term Effects of Acid Rain: Response and Recovery of a Forest Ecosystem", "Acid rain and acidification in China: the importance of base cation deposition", "Effect of acid rain pH on leaching behavior of cement stabilized lead-contaminated soil", "Landscape-scale spatial patterns of winter injury to red spruce foliage in a year of heavy region-wide injury", "Acid Rain Has A Disproportionate Impact On Coastal Waters", "Acid Rain Has Disproportionate Impact on Near-Shore Ocean Waters - Windows to the Universe", "Approaches in modeling the impact of air pollution-induced material degradation", "Acid Rain - Green Education Foundation | GEF | Sustainability Education", National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program Report, Acid Rain Retirement Fund environmental education links about acid rain, Acid rain analysis – freeware for simulation and evaluation of titration curves and pH calculations, CBC Digital Archives – Acid Rain: Pollution and Politics.
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